Religious Holidays

Religious Holidays Paper There are various religious holidays that are celebrated worldwide by the many differing religions. Each holiday celebrates a certain prophet, event, or date that is important to their specific belief. Two such religious holidays are the Muslim Eid al-Fitr and the Christian Christmas. Eid-al Fitr is an important Muslim holiday that signifies the end of the month of Ramadan. It is also called The Feast of Breaking Fast, The Sugar Feast and The Sweet Festival. The month of Ramadan is meant to be spent fasting so on Eid al Fitr, Muslims are meant to break this fast.This day also marks the start of the month of Shawwal, which is the time where â€Å"Muslims around the world try to show a common goal of unity† (Eid). This holiday has a specific Islamic prayer called salat that is given in two pieces. Muslims congregate to hear this prayer in a large mosque or gathering hall. They prayer is different depending on which juristic opinion is followed whether it be fard, mustahabb or mandoob. Muslims believe that they are commanded by god to fast until Eid al-Fitr where they give zakat, or a portion of ones wealth as a tax, and fitra, their constitution of being.The holiday of Eid was first started in â€Å"Madinah after the migration of Muhammed from Mecca† (SOS). Muhammed came to the people of Madinah and told them of the two holidays that God has made for them to celebrate. They are an occasion to show gratitude to God and remember him as well as a day of entertainment for Muslims. Some typical food eaten on Eid is Badami Gosht, Badam Phirni, and Nawabi Biryani. These dishes are spicy, and some contain meat while others are all vegetarian. A common saying during Eid is â€Å"Eid Muburak† which means happy Eid.The day starts off with keeping the traditions of the prophet Muhammed. Muslims wake up early, say a pre-sunrise prayer, brush their teeth with a toothbrush, wear their finest clothes, and put on perfume. It is forbid den to fast on Eid so â€Å"Muslims have a feast on this day as well as listen to the Eid prayer in a large group† (SOS). Eid gifts known as Eidi are given on this day to children and relatives. Christmas is an important Christian holiday that celebrates the birth of the Son of God, Jesus Christ. Both Christians and non-Christians all around the world celebrate Christmas on December 25.This day â€Å"marks the beginning of Christmastide, which ends on the 12th day† (Christmas). Christmastide is one of the seasons of the liturgical year of most Christian churches. Christians celebrate Christmas day as the fulfillment of the Messaic Prophecy in the Old Testament. It goes that Jesus was born to the Virgin Mary on December 25 in a manger. The Three Kings that brought â€Å"gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh† visited baby Jesus (Origin). Christians put up special decorations in and around their house.They put up Christmas lights around the borders of their homes as well as various props that light up. Some include snowmen, Santa Clause, or Jesus in the manger. The colors that signify Christmas are red and green. Red represents the blood of Jesus while green represents eternal life. The Christmas tree comes from pagan rituals surrounding the winter solstice involving evergreens. It is now incorporated in the holiday of Christmas. The idea of Santa Clause comes from the man Saint Nicholas. He would check the behavior of children and decide whether they deserved gifts or not.Nicholas would secretly put gifts such as coins in people’s shoes. This began the idea of gift giving on Christmas day. A traditional Christmas meal is had on this day with various dishes including ones specific to Christmas. These include mince pies, fruitcakes, and Christmas pudding. Both Christmas and Eid al-Fitr share some similar qualities. Both can be called many different names. For example Christmas can be called Xmas and Eid can be called The Sugar Feast. T hey both are religious holidays that have been started because of a great prophet or messiah.Both holidays have â€Å"historical significance that relates back to either Muhammed or Jesus† (What). These holidays share the basic principle of happiness and cheer, as well as giving. Feasts along with foods that are specific to the holiday are important parts of both Christmas and Eid al-Fitr. Gifts are given in Christmas and Eid as a sign of good fortune a care. While there are similarities between the two holidays, there are also many differences. Eid marks the end of one month and the start of another in contrast with Christmas, which is only significant to one day.Christmas involves decorating your house while Eid does not. Eid also does not have a figure that is tied to gift giving like Christmas does. A major difference between Christmas and Eid is that â€Å"many non-Christians celebrate the holiday of Christmas† (What). Only Muslims celebrate Eid however and it is not as widely accepted by non-Muslims. The religious holidays of Eid al-Fitr and Christmas are both important days to two different religions. These days share some of the same characteristics while also differing in various aspects that make them unique and important to those that celebrate them.

HR Case Study of Yamaha Motors

Change, in any organization is routed through it’s Human Resource Department. Thereare always disgruntled employees who complain that change has adversely affected them. There are employees who believe in status Quo and believe that if a system is working,there is no point in changing it. Escorts going out and Yamaha coming in was a change that influenced each other andevery employee working on all levels. Strangely though, the resistance to this majorchange and to all subsequent decisions taken to enforce the change was minimized,. Itonly depicts the success of the H. R. epartment in educating all employees. Change wasviewed as mandatory rather than optional. Employees were made to believe that theirfuture bread and butter depended upon the success of this change. Almost everyemployee understood the need for this broad change. There were some voices ofdiscontent regarding small details which had to be worked out. The H. R. department’srole in handling the entire proces s of change is summarized below : 1. Agreement with the Union : Escorts left behind a strong labour union which wasknown to use aggressive tactics to get it’s demand met.Yamaha suspended the oldagreement with the union and entered into a new one after taking over. Theagreement covered various aspects like pay packages, increments, working hours,leaves schedule etc. Yamaha also offered V. R. S. ( Voluntary retirement schemes)to those who did not wanted to continue with the organization. However, theattraction rate of labour and managers was very low. What Yamaha ensuredthrough was there are no dissatisfied employees in the organization.Yamaha knewthat workers will be facing a cultural change soon and only wanted thoseemployees who were ready and willing to accept change in it’s true spirit. 2. Training of employees in Japan : Not every employee looks upon training inJapan as an opportunity or value addition. Certain employees are reluctant toleave their families back in India for a period of 6 months. People used to thesocial and cultural environment of India find it difficult to adjust to a foreigncountry. The challenge for the H. R. Department was to motivate such employees.These employees were assured that their families will be taken care of. While trainees will receive salary for their work in Japan, their families will be a paid afixed amount periodically by the company during the [period of training. Securewit the knowledge that their families are taken care of, employees were motivatedto undergo training in Japan. 3. Networking with dealers : Yamaha is currently in process of networking all it’sdealer all over India. Dealers are seen as valuable channel partners and not meresupply chain members.The purpose of this online network queries on a perpetual basis. Dealers are encouraged to report all complaints, suggestions, ideas throughthis network. The network will also be used for online order processing. Prof . Nomita Kapoor Page 14 How Organizations Handle Change – Yamaha Motors India 4. Routing bills through Tedfel : Dealers were not happy with Yamaha routing it’sbills through Tedfel. Earlier, dealers were not asked to pay until the motor cycleswere actually sold. Now Tedfel only offered a 15 days credit period to the dealers.Presently, may dealers have already approached Yamaha and have asked to revertback to the old system. At the time of our research, the dialogue between thedealers and the company was still on. Yamaha still believes in the companyvalidity of hiring an outside agency for bill payments and wants to bring aroundthe dealers to its way of thinking. Yamaha has also followed the policy that Indian managers are best equipped to handleIndian work force. The Japanese presence in the H. R. department is bare minimum. Language barrier is a significant constraint in this regard.So, while the company boastsof presence of Japanese professionals in production, quality assurance and financed epartment, the H. R. department is still completely handled by their Indian counterparts. Reference: http://www. scribd. com/doc/2165100/Yamaha HONDA His employees soon came to understand that poor performance would not be tolerated. People recognized his total determination to succeed and to establish an engineering business. Honda was a true leader with vision and passion. He was sufficiently aware of his own managerial shortcomings. The employees called Honda ‘Mr.Thunder’ for his bursts of anger in answer to their mistakes. His employees loved him but they were afraid of his anger. Honda was not a perfect man. He admitted his mistakes: ‘When I look back at my work I understand I have made mistakes – many blunders, serious omissions. However, I am proud of my achievements. Although I made one mistake after the other, these mistakes and failures did not happen in connection with one and the same thing. ’ (Peters & Waterman 1982) As a transformationa l leader Honda tended to see the big picture, but not the details.Motivation is one of the major concepts of the human resource management. The research of motivation and its necessity for organization is closely connected with the Behavioral Management that arouse at the end of the Scientific Management era. Human resource management views an employee not as a machine but as a personality with its own goals and aspirations. The objective of managers is to build relationships in which workers would see themselves working with the manager, rather than working for a manager. Motivation can be defined as the process of arousing, directing, and maintaining behavior toward a goal.He points out that people are motivated to fulfill their needs. Companies view workers as being interdependent, meaning, managers cannot do their job without workers, and workers depend on their managers. Consequently, instead of management treating employees like machines, organizations should take a genuine in terest in the employee and help them reach their goals. Human resource management supposes that if employees are happier at work the production would increase. Soichiro Honda placed human initiative and attention to all workers on the first place.He tried to create a better environment for his employees, attract specialists and motivate them to do their work in the best possible way. Honda paid much attention to experimental work and did not accept attempts to control him or his corporation via the traditional caste system. He was the innovator and was against the hierarchy management structure: ‘On the whole, people work better if they are not forced and controlled. ’ (Peters & Waterman 1982) This thought is proven by psychologists and new styles of management are very effective and should be used by others.Honda understood that encouraging his worker’s personal development, their wish for self-actualization will bring him success in business. He was a passionat e person. Honda did not admit defeat and could risk everything he had achieved for the sake of his beliefs and ideas. He is the embodiment of persistence. Soichiro Honda was a man with modern mentality and readiness to risk in order to invent something new. He is the example of persistence, modesty, and the ability to see his own mistakes as the most valuable achievements.

PPP Approach to Language Teaching Literature review

PPP Approach to Language Teaching - Literature review Example This large number of functions is why learning a language is an essential part a human’s development, thus making it one of the most important fields of research for psychologists, doctors, as well as linguists. The process by which a person learns to use a language is language acquisition (Bailey, Madden and Krashen, 235–243, 1974). The learning occurs when the person has grasped how to use the words to express them, and to understand other people when they use these words. In addition, it is not necessarily limited to children. Adults may also undergo language acquisition in case of delayed learning, or in case, they are learning a secondary language (Behrens, 245, 2008). There are several components to this learning, such as understanding how to use syntax, phonetics, and a range of vocabulary (Goodluck, 87, 1991). Furthermore, language is not limited to spoken communication. Sign language is also a common form of language, which consists of using manual signals and gestures to speak. Only human beings have a language that is complex enough to have uniformity in structure, and employs proper vocabulary and syntax (Oxford, 261-275, 1989). Linguists have always been particularly interested in researching the process through which infants learn a language. This process is especially intriguing due to how little input and time these young children require learning a language. Several theorists have presented viewpoints and theories about this phenomenal language acquisition (Macaro, 381, 2010). This paper explores on the usefulness of one of these theories, which is the Presentation, Practice and Production Approach to Language Teaching (PPP approach), and will research the depths of its criticism. It will further try to explore alternative theories by comparing their validity and reliability to PP P, to evaluate this theory further. Language acquisition is an intricate process. It depends especially on the methodology that the teacher employs while teaching the language. These methodologies can be of six different types. One is Collaborative Learning, in which the roles are roughly under division between the student and the teacher, with both of them participating equally in the learning process. It is an interactive method, where the learning occurs by their holding conversations, interviews and having several other experiences (Unsworth, 60-66, 2010). This describes the second and third stages of the PPP approach, which stress on the student putting what they have learnt into practice. The second method is the Cooperative Language Learning, in which the student learns to use a language by socializing and interacting. This again, describes the practice stage of the PPP approach. The third method is Discovery-based learning, which is derived from the theories of the renowned psychologist Piaget. It bases its methodology on constructivist methods, involving the students having to inquire about and discover the several dimensions of the language their learning. This may not synchronize well with the PPP approach due to the vast different in technique and ideology. The fourth method is Engaged Learning (Unsworth, 60-66, 2010). This method makes the learners actively engage in the acquisition of the language, which they do using several tools, such as videos and recordings. Apart from this, there is Problem-based learning, which teaches the student how to use and understand a language by first teaching them a part of it, and then testing them through a question-answer format. In this method, the

Different writing systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Different writing systems - Research Paper Example This data analysis evolves around the number of words, spellings, and other developments. Moreover, the writing development of both languages is analyzed by using the composition component of the Two-way Immersion Narrative Writing Rubric Assessment. This confirms whether the students have acquired writing skills in both their native language and English concurrently. It depicts also an example of successful development of bilingualism and bi-literacy. Majority of educators in America find it hard to connect bilingual students with their writing system due to the code-switching technique used by those students. This refers to relating of an object in the current environment with the one that the student was used to in their previous environment. Bi-literacy has many positive effects, from facilitating the acquisition of an additional written language to allowing creative uses of writing systems. While it is, noticeable those bi-literates can outperform mono-literate native speakers o f their first language in L1 reading and writing. It is even more interesting that bi-literacy’s effects extend beyond written language, to include analyses of the spoken language and non-linguistic cognition. Sometimes things can go wrong, for instance, when the L2 orthographic input is misinterpreted and affects L2 pronunciation, which turns out to have positive effects. Bi-literates are also qualitatively different from mono-literates. This difference is evident in meta-linguistic awareness, but perhaps the most dramatic evidence comes from brain-imaging studies that show different activation patterns in bi-literates and mono-literates reading the same language, and from evidence that bi-literacy reduces biases in perception and thinking. Researchers need to look  at bi-literates with other language combinations to enhance fairness in their decision-making and problem solving. This

Theory report-Archtecture History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Theory report-Archtecture History - Essay Example Toward this direction it is supported that urban design ‘is geographically limited in terms that it can be applied in ‘areas of a limited size, about half a mile (0.8 km) square’12. It should also be noticed that modern architecture is characterized by a plethora of innovative plans and ideas which all contribute to the development of the specific science throughout the years. As an example we could refer to the case of Archigram which published in 1961 and included a series of architectural plans of very simple form as designed by Cook, Webb and other architects that participated in the whole effort (Design Museum, 2007). Archigram has been a representative sample of modern architectural ideas despite the fact that its application is not achievable. Apart from Archigram, a series of trends have been developed in architecture which was furthermore supported by theories related with the plans involved. In this context, Utopia – a term that is used a lot in the description of specific social and cultural conditions – has been related with architecture. The plans that were developed under the influence of ‘Utopian’ city present many simi larities although there are also elements that are unique in each one of these plans. It should be noticed that the application of the theory of ‘Utopia’ in architecture is not recent. In fact there are many studies that refer to the particular issue highlighting the importance of ‘Utopia’ for the development of ‘unreal’ but pleasant conditions of life for citizens around the world. Current paper presents a personal proposal on Courthouse project using the theory of Utopia as developed in the area of architecture. The particular aspects of Utopia are presented in order to understand its application of architecture and its potential use in the future towards the development of viable urban plans. Moreover, a series of architectural plans related with Utopia has been used in order to

Explanatory Response of The Waiting Years by Fumiko Enchi Essay

Explanatory Response of The Waiting Years by Fumiko Enchi - Essay Example She thought of her as the only thing that keeps her happy and the one who motivates her that things are going to change for the better. - Tomo, in the midst of her mission to find her husband Yukitomo Shirakawa another concubine. She had been a martyr wife for the insensitive and lustful Yukitomo Shirakawa, enduring all the pain her self-denial, of his infidelities, incestuous lust, forbidden passion and insults on her womanhood. - Yukitomo despised the fact that Tomo's parents and brothers are going to know his misdoings and the emotional tortures that he has inflicted on his wife's feelings. He belongs to an aristocratic family and such knowledge would reap him disgrace and shame. - Yukitomo, because of his affairs and relations with many women, treated Tomo as if she does not exist, treated her as a ghost, not minding her all throughout the day. Seeing her but not thinking that she is his adoring wife, willing to do anything for him even at her own expense. - This figurative passage referring obviously to Yukitomo, his being narrow-minded and lack of sensitivity, sympathy and the adequate understanding of how a man should treat his wife and how to maintain his dignity and not tarnish it with his sinful and incestuous doings, for example, he married his daughter-in-law after the

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 34

Art - Essay Example Probably the latter forms are either harvesting or tilling machines mainly utilized to prepare the land. This is evident from the black and curved objects protruding close to the busy man who appears to operate a machine, hence forming the artwork’s focal point. In this artwork, Clyfford extensively utilizes red, yellow, black, grey and white colors besides their varied shades. Diverse color shades characterize the forefront space and the sky. Mostly, these shades help the audience to unveil the time of the day and season, which the artist features in his work. The forefront mixtures of both white and grey or bluish shades form snow like objects, which characterize the artist’s early childhood region. In addition, the long protruding object from the left corner to the right casts a shadow beneath it whereby according to its inclination proves the time was in the afternoon. In his effort to depict diverse objects comprising this artwork, Clyfford skillfully utilizes both the color and â€Å"ripping off† method. The latter is evident in the forefront objects whereby the artist employs several color layers before using a chisel-like tool to make white patches that resemble snow. The use of this technique is also evident on the protruding and extending object’s side at the background. However, the artist on the background object preferred utilizing grey color instead of white or other varied shades similar the forefront objects. This is to show a demarcation between the snow and the vertical wall linking other structures, which the man seem to cling on while undertaking his activities. In this artwork, illumination emanates from the left side as indicated by the way the long and protruding object in the background casts shadow in the opposite direction. Besides, the forefront forms and red clouds above the background confirm that the light’s source is in the left side. Illumination besides helping the audience to unveil what could be

Analysis, design, implementation and testing of a web developing Dissertation

Analysis, design, implementation and testing of a web developing company - Dissertation Example From the research it is clear that web development has become today a common requirement of many individuals, groups or organizations wishing to delve into electronic commerce. However, there are many challenges to â€Å"purchasing† web content, features, and the whole thing. This project will be focused on creating a web-developing company, where proper analysis, design, implementation and testing will take place. First of all, the main point for the project will be it being web-based web developing company. This means that all of the services will be provided on the website. This web-developing company will target mainly small and medium businesses, which do not have or want to improve their current websites to something better and more attractive. The main idea will be to provide the entire web developing services such as webhosting, consulting, creating online stores, logos, content, design, and adding new staff such as QR code - in one-stop. For example, a small Panini sh op in Oxford needs to compete with the big companies such as â€Å"Grace† stores or with â€Å"Dominos† pizza etc. This small Panini shop cannot afford expensive luxury website but it is not a good idea to just have â€Å"whatever† website which will make clients back off or be disappointed. So, our service will be somewhere in the middle, but for less money: we will provide attractive new websites with all of the benefits, which this technology era provides us. Also, the website company will provide different offers from the product portfolio. This project when finished should be able to deliver good, reliable and cheap websites for the smaller and medium business, so they can be differentiated on the market and they can attract more customers by targeting a wider range of consumers. By having free internet adverts in pages such Facebook pages or Twitter providing target customers the daily menu, plus having a reasonable good, modern website will be only advant age for the local business and on really low costs. All of this will be our care and it will really work to have a loyal customer base and to attract new customers. 1.1 Rational At the end of my study year I feel highly motivated and confident that this project I have chosen is really my aim for the future. Having a four-year course in IT management for business, I had a wide range of subjects to go through. And the most significant for me was Internet Commerce, that is why I feel really prepared for this new project as building websites and doing electronic commerce is really great fun for me. 1.2 Objective and goals The main objective of the project is to be able to deliver the proper service, which is required. To be able to achieve this, the main objectives have to be broken down in certain goals and smaller aims which have to be conquered first. This means that analysis have to be done first, then the design of the main website of the project company. Third step will be impleme ntation of the whole project and finally testing. Specific Objectives: Analysis of the web market in Oxford. Creating a list with the retailers with no websites or with bad websites. This will be our future client. Design the project website using the required methods and skills Create a wider range of portfolio product/service Have a unique web developing company for the Small/Medium local businesses 1.4. Background Having a website is today a prerequisite of every business whether they sell 24/7 or during certain office hours. While previously, websites are considered information sources for certain companies especially international ones, it has come to a time that even small or

Visions of Success of Minority Nursing Students Research Paper

Visions of Success of Minority Nursing Students - Research Paper Example o 2001, among the percentage of students graduating in all the nursing programs, the White Americans constituted 45.82%, Hispanics were 19.63%, African American were only 7.76%, and the rest were composed of Filipinos, Asians and other groups (Seago & Spetz, 2005). On the whole, these facts clearly depict that the minority youth’s living standards are worse than the white youth, and that they generally do not chose to adopt the nursing field. This may lead us to the conclusion that the major problem is unavailability of the funds, which hinders the minority students from entering the nursing programs, but that is not true. The hesitation to choose nursing as a career stems from many cultural, racial, as well as biased ideologies possessed by both the students and the academia. On one side, we have minority students, reportedly, considering nursing as a ‘women field,’ and also balking at the idea of studying from a majority white faculty; on the other side, we have NCLEX-RN, allegedly, having ‘white’ influenced exam questions (Seago & Spetz, 2005). No matter what the actuality is, the need for an institution with a culturally accepting attitude, a solid outreach program and a caring faculty cannot be denied. Background and Problem Statement As a part of an investigation carried out to discover the supposed barriers faced by the minority nursing students in central California, seventeen recently graduated registered nurses were thoroughly interviewed (Amaro, Abriam-Yago, & Yoder, 2005). Upon analyzing the result, it was realized that the major perceived barriers by the minority colored youth were the inadequate language competency, insufficient finances and most importantly the biased attitude from the educators. Minority students generally face a lot of... This paper makes the stress that should be towards providing the quality education and other required resources to the students. The college should build networks with other social organizations present within the community to provide the proper help to students in need. This aid can be in the form of counseling and development, financial assistance and advocacy needs. The minority students attending the institution should feel secure and confident every way possible. In the end, it should be remembered that the primary objective is the same as the one set by the American Nurses Association which is to construct a â€Å"diverse workforce† This report makes a conclusion that to determine the effectiveness of the above-mentioned plan, among other approaches, the most useful method will be surveying the teachers and students. To measure the effectiveness of the educators training procedures, it will be hugely constructive to survey the teachers upon completion of the workshops. It will help in determining whether trainees have experienced any change in their outlook or experienced any awareness regarding dealing with minority students. Afterwards, their performance can be measured by surveying their students. The value of outreach program can be determined by interviewing and surveying the high school students. Keeping statistical data of students from different high schools, registering and attending the information sessions, as well as enrolling in the nursing degree will immensely help in providing valuable information to tweak the program. On the whole, the full impact of this plan can be seen by any increase or decr ease in the enrollment of minority students in future semesters.

Texas Roadhouse Won't Skimp on Making Employees Happy Essay

Texas Roadhouse Won't Skimp on Making Employees Happy - Essay Example Everybody in the company was very motivated by the financial rewards and incentives the firm offered. â€Å"Financial incentives are extrinsic rewards and are tangible visible to others and contingent on performance† (Hubpages, 2012). After a couple of payment cycles the employees noticed that their pay checks did not include the performance bonuses. The company said that the administration had decided to eliminate the bonuses. The employees were outraged. The firm also claimed that the contest for prizes was also cancelled. The employees in the firm rebelled and formed a union. The productivity of the workers drastically decreased because the employees had no incentive to produce more. The actions of the employees hurt the customers of the firm because the services backlogged due to lower productivity. Texas Roadhouse restaurant uses extrinsic rewards to motivate the employees of the company. The firm believes deeply in the importance of keeping employees happy. Some of the r ewards that the firm offers its employees include a yearly contest of $20,000 for the best meat cutter, $500 allowance given to the managers to be spent in activities for the employees, annual four day motivation conference at a luxurious hotel with the benefit of bringing the employees’ spouse to the event. There are other ways to motivate employees that can be used at Texas Roadhouse to improve the performance of the company. An effective technique to improve motivation in the workplace is the use of intrinsic rewards. â€Å"Intrinsic rewards are positively valued work outcomes that the individual receives directly as a result of task performance† (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2003, pg. 118). An example of an intrinsic reward is receiving a pad in the back and a positive comment from the manager or supervisor for a job well done. The motivation of the employees can increase by improving the job satisfaction of the workers. Another method that can be used to increase t he motivation of the workers is by implementing feedback systems. â€Å"The importance of feedback in the workplace cannot be over-estimated - it is a key source of employee motivation† (Practical-management-skills, 2012). The firm must invest in improvements to the information systems of the company to improve the capabilities of the human resource module. A way to simplify the payroll cycle is by switching antiquated time card systems, with electronic systems in which an employee logs in using a thumbprint. These electronic systems will reduce the work done by HR specialist and the payroll department by digitalizing information which eliminates the need of manual data entry. Today human resource departments must give emphasis to a knowledge based administration using technology as a tool (Peterson, 2010). The use of intrinsic rewards is a great method for motivating employees that can be implemented at cero costs. The managers and supervisors have to be aware of the work pe rformed by the employees in order to identify situations that merit giving the employees an intrinsic reward. The con of the intrinsic reward strategy is that it requires a lot of observation from supervisors and managers which wastes time. A lot of the time of management should be spent performing strategic functions. Improving job

Agency Problem Essay Example for Free

Agency Problem Essay Financial Management (Agency problem) Prepared by: Sami Hassan Saeed Singabi August 2008 Introduction Economic science teaches us that due to their subjective needs, individuals have subjective preferences, and hence different interest. Occasionally different subjective interests give rise to conflicts of interest between contracting partners. These conflicts of interest may result in turn, in one or both parties undertaking actions that may be against the interest of the other contracting partner. The primary reason for the divergence of objectives between managers and shareholders has been attributed to separation of ownership (shareholders) and control (management) in corporations. As a consequence, agency problems or principal-agent conflicts exist in the firm. Agency theory deals with such problem. Agency theory is concerned with how these agency problems affect the form of the contract and how they can be minimized, in particular, when contracting parties are variously informed (or uncertain). Agency problem A problem arising from a conflict of interest between principals such as investors and agents acting for them, such as brokers or managers. Agency problem refers to a conflict of interest arising between creditors, shareholders and management because of differing goals. It exists due to problems in corporate governance. A typical problem is that of senior management of a company, who are charged with running the business in the interests of shareholders; choose instead to operate to maximize their own interests. A simple example is the hired anager who fills his pockets at shareholders expenses. For example, an agency problem exists when management and shareholders have conflicting ideas on how the company should be run. Agency problems that arise in a corporation have troubled economists for some time. There are a number of mechanisms that have been used to try and reduce these agency problems. Many of these mechanisms try to link the managers compensation to the performance of the firm. Typical examples include performance shares, restricted stock grants, and executive stock options. This dissertation is an empirical study of whether the use of executive stock options has in fact reduced the agency problems between managers and stockholders. In this dissertation, two different testing methodologies are used to address the agency problem reduction issue. One methodology looks at some significant event such as a merger or divestiture to see if an executives holding of stock options affect what decisions are made. For example, do larger holdings of stock options motivate managers to take on riskier investments? By increasing the risk of the firm, managers can increase the value of the stock options. Another question of interest is whether in taking on risky investments; do executives increase the leverage of the firm? By increasing the leverage of the firm, the executive might increase the risk of the firm and thus the value of the option holdings. An agency relationship An agency relationship arises whenever one or more individuals, called principals, hire one or more other individuals, called agents, to perform some service and then delegate decision-making authority to the agents. The primary agency relationships in business are those :- (1) Between stockholders and managers and 2) Between debt holders and stockholders. These relationships are not necessarily harmonious; indeed, agency theory is concerned with so-called agency conflicts, or conflicts of interest between agents and principals. These relationships are not necessarily harmonious; indeed, agency theory is concerned with so-called agency conflicts, or conflicts of interest between agents and principals. Expansion increase potential agency problems, if you expanded to additional locations you could not physically be at all locations at the same time. Consequently, you would have to delegate decision-making authority to others. Creditors can protect themselves by: (1) Having the loan secured. (2) Placing restrictive covenants in debt agreements. (3) They charge a higher than normal interest rate to compensate for risk. Agency cost A type of internal cost that arises from, or must be paid to a manger acting on behalf of shareholders. Agency cost arises because of core problems such as conflicts of interest between share holders and management. Shareholders wish for management to run the company in away that increases shareholders value, but management may wish to grow the company in away that maximize their personal power and wealth that may not be in the best interest of shareholders. Agency costs are inevitable within an organization whenever shareholders are not completely in charge; the cost can usually be best spent on providing proper material incentives and moral incentives for agents to properly execute their duties, thereby aligning the interests of shareholders (owners) and agents. The principals (the shareholders) have to find ways of ensuring that their agents (the managers) act in their interests. This means incurring costs, ‘agency costs’, to (a) monitor managers’ behavior, and (b) create incentive schemes and control for managers to pursue shareholders’ wealth maximization. Various methods have been used to try to align the actions of senior management with the interests of shareholders, that is, to achieve ‘goal congruence’. Linking rewards to shareholder wealth improvements: Owners can grant directors and other senior managers share options. These ermit the managers to purchase shares at some date in the future at a price, which is fixed in the present. If the share price rises significantly between the dates when the option was granted and the date when the shares can be bought the manager can make a fortune by buying at the pre-arranged price and then selling in the market place. The managers under such a scheme have a clear interest in achieving a rise in share price and thus congruence comes about to some extent. An alternative method is to allot shares to managers if they achieve certain performance targets, for example, growth in earnings per share or return on shares. Sackings: The threat of being sacked with the accompanying humiliation and financial loss may encourage managers not to diverge too far from the shareholders’ wealth path. However this method is seldom used because it is often difficult to implement due to difficulties of making a coordinated shareholder effort. Selling shares threat and the take- over: Most of the large shareholders (especially institutional investors) of quoted companies are not prepared to put large resources into monitoring and controlling all the firms of which they own a part. Quite often their first response, if they observe that management is not acting in what they regard as their best interest, is to sell the share rather than intervene. This will result in a lower share price, making the raising of funds more difficult. If this process continues the firm may become vulnerable to a merger bid by another group of managers, resulting in a loss of top management posts. Fear of being taken over can establish some sort of backstop position to prevent shareholder wealth considerations being totally ignored. Corporate governance regulations: There is a considerable range of legislation and other regulatory pressures (e. g. the Companies Act) designed to encourage directors to act in shareholders’ interests. Within these regulations for example, the board of directors is not to be dominated by a single individual acting as both the chairman and chief executive. Also independently minded non-executive directors should have more power to represent shareholder interests; in particular, they should predominate in decisions connected with directors’ remuneration and auditing of firm’s accounts. Information flow: The accounting profession, the stock exchange, the regulating agencies and the investing public are continuously conducting a battle to encourage or force firms to release more accurate, timely and detailed information concerning their operations. An improved quality of corporate accounts, annual reports and the availability of other forms of information flowing to investors and analysts such as company briefings and press announcements help to monitor firms, and identify any wealth-destroying actions by wayward managers early. Conclusion Diffuse ownership of publicly held companies reduces the owners’ ability to monitor managers because they would have to bear the full monitoring costs while gaining only a small marginal benefit. Managers may therefore act to maximize their wealth through personal use of corporate assets, stock manipulation and sub optimal decisions at the owners expense. Thus agency theory practical mechanism is weak, because it is unable to provide practical conclusions with regard to agency problems. References: 1. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. htm 2. www. referenceforbusiness. com 3. Financial-dictionary. The free dictionary. com

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay Dream hard; I dream hard because I want to fulfill my dream! Study hard; I study hard because I want to achieve a higher and bigger success! Work hard; I work hard because I want to become a useful and successful person! My life begins with three words, Dream hard, Study hard, and Work hard. Being a successful person, I kept saying to myself everyday the best preparation for tomorrow is to do todays work superbly well. Today it is an honorable day. I am here to apply the Pre-Associate Program in Hong Kong Baptist University. I am gladly and greatly to request to be a student in HKBU. To reveal myself, I realize time is important but will and faith are more important. Will and Faith, these two words were once my favorite words. Without them, I wasnt here today. I was once a very lazy and a person who makes a lot of mistake, therefore, I failed in my IGCSE examination. My father told me a very important fact. A person who fails, he needs to get back up. This is the true meaning of the word fail. Everyone has to pass the turning point, nobody wins forever. Therefore I succeed. In 2009, I have successfully got 2 certificates of Travel and tourism and Business in the course BTEC. The more will and action, the more you success! English, this is the significant in the world. English is the key to enter the world; therefore, I had applied the TOEFL examination which I will be taken in June. I expect myself to earn a high standard result. I will prove myself is an intelligent and diligent person. Before I apply HKCU, I gave 3 years time to improve my English skills and business skills. If I have the chance to study in HKBU, I must do every task of win-win solution. So I can be the best of best. In my academic field, I am a progressive and aggressive person in joining and participating extra-curricular activities. In my high school, I help and assist the school to win a badminton competition and a violin competition. Then I became the leader of violin club in my school. More than these, being the leader of Student Council which increase and upgrade my determination and critical thinking. I grew in knowledge and knowledge grew in me. Knowledge is the power in the world. Reading and learning are my keys to knowledge and knowledge is the key to success. We must always strive hard, struggle hard and fight hard to understand knowledge. My father is a successful man who does every thing perfectly and superbly well. My dream is to marvelous and fabulous than my father. One day I will pass through the line of the end, yet, I need to study harder and fight harder in order to pass the line of the end. Dreaming the dream, I have the will, the heart and the faith to strive and struggle for my dream. Hong Kong Baptist University is the perfect and positive place to develop and nourish my dream. I will grow, I will change, I will become and intelligent, diligent, excellent person. Being a man who fulfill his dream, he is proud of he can fulfill his dream! Being a man who succeeds, he is gladly that he exchanges what he wants!

Analysing The Sustainability Of The London Olympics Environmental Sciences Essay

Analysing The Sustainability Of The London Olympics Environmental Sciences Essay The theme and heart of the Olympics and the Paralympic Games 2012 is sustainability. The sustainable approach will lead to long lasting environmental, social and economic benefits through regeneration and legacy (Pointer and Mercury, 2009). The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 was launched on 23 January 2007 to independently assure Londons 2012 pledge to host the sustainable Games. Source: http://www.london2012.com The reason for London to host the 2012 Olympic Games was the sustainable aspect of the Games and the site. The London Olympic Games are set to make history on carbon reduction issues and is the first of its kind concerning the infrastructure and worldwide publicity of Games. The venue of the 2012 Games will be the two hundred and forty-six hectare Olympic Park in east London and the western edge of the Thames Gateway. East London is the most diverse and most deprived community in the UK, the idea behind the project was to regenerate the whole city. To clean and clear the Olympic Park, sustainable techniques were utilised to recycle and reuse ninety percent of the demolition material and eighty percent of soil on site. The government is putting their best effort to achieve short and long term goals. A good progress is being made in the area of sustainable design and construction to achieve energy efficiency. The Olympics committee have planned to minimise the environmental impact and have set a zero carbon policy for 2012. The organisations responsible for London 2012 Games are the London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) to plan and stage the Games and the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) to build the venues and infrastructure for the Games. The London 2012 Olympic offers opportunities for London to improve infrastructure being environmentally sustainable. The London 2012 organising committee has developed a policy to set out the idea of sustainability, One Planet Living and has a plan to achieve these goals. The committee wants United Kingdom TO BE the worlds leading sporting nation, MAKE the Olympic Park a guide to sustainable living, TRANSFORM east London to a better place, INSPIRE young people to take part in social and cultural activities, DEMONSTRATE the country is a welcoming place to all. In 2006, few construction commitments were developed for the Olympics 2012. The committee wanted an integrated project team that works together to achieve the best possible outcomes and which includes designers, builders, architects, environmental analysts and sustainability developers to achieve designs that are innovative, creative and capable of meeting necessary objectives, using modern methods of construction, with the theme of sustainability and ensuring health and safety standards. The Olympics 2012 plan involves three main phases i.e. the preparation, event staging and building an ever lasting heritage. The 2012 games preparation involves design and construction of the Olympic Park and infrastructure, keeping sustainability the theme of the project, to create an influence on the construction techniques for the country as sustainability is a relatively new concept. The 2012 games must secure a legacy for the Olympic Park area and the UK to be a platform for sustainable regener ation programme. The important factor for the planning and construction is the sourcing of materials, waste management, construction impacts and benefits, employment and bio-diversity affects. Reducing Carbon footprint of Olympics I Energy The main key to reduce carbon dioxide emissions is the provision of renewable energy with high level of efficiency, the authorities want to produce clean energy wastes and sewage. The Olympic committee and the London development authority are setting a new energy recovery plant that uses waste to generate renewable energy, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The main concern for the games is the carbon footprint of permanent venues and the embodied energy of the structures for temporary venues. II Waste One of the issues is to eliminate and handle waste and try to reuse, recycle or compost it, it has been ensured that no waste arising during Olympics will be directly send to landfill. The recycled material will be used for food packaging systems to avoid contamination. Source: London 2012 sustainability plan III Water resource management The sustainability issue for the games includes provision of clean drinking water, recycling grey water, managing flood risks. This will be achieved by imposing water saving technologies, reducing demand of water and designing efficient landscape for the city. IV Air Quality Good air quality is a priority consideration for the games to ensure the best conditions for world athletes to compete in, the pollution will be reduced to a minimum during the games. V Biodiversity Biodiversity conservation is a part of the development of many 2012 venues, ensuring no significant adverse effect on habitats or species. VI Materials Selection of materials is a main part of the sustainable sourcing, the purpose and use is identified, keeping in mind the local source of the material, cost and value for money, its pay back time, environmental and social impacts and the scope to reuse or recycle. VII Transport The London 2012s sustainable transport schemes encourage people to travel to London venues by the sustainable modes public transport, walking or cycling and use of rail over air transport to minimise the carbon emissions and impacts on air quality generated by the transport. VIII Food The vision for the food during games is to provide diverse and good quality British food and drinks at affordable prices which will leave a strong, sustainable legacy for UK by nurturing commercial partnerships. VIII Health and Safety London 2012 is committed to promote healthy living among the workforce by provision of healthy food in the site canteens, auditing caterers on the park by Environmental Health Offices (EHOs), not allowing alcohol on the sites and delivering health and safety educational programme for children residing near the site. IX Equality and Diversity The London Olympics 2012 will raise job opportunities in London by 70,000 by 2012 (job volunteer London 2012), the community believes in equality among men, women, races and disabled people. The London Olympics 2012 have set five priority themes for sustainability. For change in climate issues, their aim is to minimise carbon footprint of Games and the development as a whole, which will be achieved by minimising embodied energy affects, optimising energy efficiency and use of renewable energy resources. The Olympics are trying to develop a waste management infrastructure reuse, reduce, recycle, compost and use waste to produce energy. The area hosting Olympics will be developed by physical, social and economic regeneration and by enhancing ecology of the venues to conserve nature. The Games and the legacy will promote a healthy lifestyle for British and make them aware of the sustainability aspects (London 2012 sustainability plan). The Olympics will provide a platform to solutions for developing infrastructure, energy and water resource management, transport, local food production, carbon mitigation and adaptation.

Catcher in the Rye Essay: Holden and the Complexity of Adult Life

Holden and the Complexity of Adult Life What was wrong with Holden, the main character in The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D.Salinger, was his moral revulsion against anything that was ugly, evil, cruel, or what he called "phoney" and his acute responsiveness to beauty and innocence, especially the innocence of the very young, in whom he saw reflected his own lost childhood.   There is something wrong or lacking in the novels of despair and frustration of many writers. The sour note of bitterness and the recurring theme of sadism have become almost a convention, never thoroughly explained by the author's dependence on a psychoanalytical interpretation of a major character. The boys who are spoiled or turned into budding homosexuals by their mothers and a loveless home life are as familiar to us today as stalwart and dependable young heroes such as John Wayne were to an earlier generation. We have accepted this interpretation of the restlessness and bewilderment of our young men and boys because no one had anything better to offer. It is tragic to hear the anguished cry of parents: "What have we done to harm him? Why doesn't he care about anything? He is a bright boy, but why does he fail to pass his examinations? Why won't he talk to us?" A remarkable and absorbing novel, J. D. Salinger's "The Catcher in the Rye," may serve to calm the apprehensions of fathers and mothers about their own responsibilities, though it doesn't attempt to explain why all boys who dismay their elders have failed to pass successfully the barrier between childhood and young manhood. It is profoundly moving and a disturbing book, but it is not hopeless. Holden Caulfield, sixteen years old and six foot two inches in hei... ...Boy, I was shaking like a madman." The Catcher in the Rye is not all horror of this sort. There is a wry humor in this sixteen-year-old's trying to live up to his height, to drink with men, to understand mature sex and why he is still a virgin at his age. His affection for children is spontaneous and delightful. There are few little girls in modern fiction as charming and lovable as his little sister, Phoebe. Altogether this is a book to be read thoughtfully and more than once. It is about an unusually sensitive and intelligent boy; but, then, are not all boys unusual and worthy of understanding? If they are bewildered at the complexity of modern life, unsure of themselves, shocked by the spectacle of perversity and evil around them - are not adults equally shocked by the knowledge that even children cannot escape this contact and awareness?

How the Authors Create a Feeling of Fear and Terror in The Ostler, The

How the Authors Create a Feeling of Fear and Terror in The Ostler, The Red Room and The Superstitious Man's Story In order to answer this question I read the relevant stories, i.e. 'The Ostler' by Wilkie Collins, 'The Red Room' by H.G. Wells and 'The Superstitious Man's Story' by Thomas Hardy in great detail. I will now attempt to compare the methods the authors have utilised to create the impact mentioned above. In order to see which one has been more effective in conveying fear and terror, suspense and the extraordinary, in my opinion. Furthermore, I will endeavour to point out the similarities and differences in tense, style and prose between the stories, using quotations where appropriate. Moreover, I will discuss the roles the various characters play. These people are important, as the reader needs to identify to some extent with the narrator and his description and interpretation of his 'human props' as well as the setting they are placed in. The opening to any story is crucial, since the reader may not decide to continue with his intention to 'read all' if he/she is not sufficiently interested in the first few sentences. In 'The Superstitious Man's Story' the reader is struck immediately by an air of mystery, and somehow feels privy to a secret. This is a story steeped in 'hearsay'. The narrator (the seedman's father) painstakingly talks us through every minute detail 'putting away the irons and things, and preparing the table for his breakfast in the morning.' By placing so much emphasis on mundane issues the impact of the extraordinary is in stark contrast. It is almost as if the reader is lulled into a sense of security, ... ...e unknown is intriguing to many. Even though the three stories have a different approach they all centre of the supernatural. They are all written pre-1914 - well before the advent of technology, which has accelerated at an alarming rate. Nowadays, our culture revolves around technology and people require proof. It is essential for an author to set the scene, draw the reader in and when that is accomplished deliver the punch line. All of the authors succeed in doing this. 'The Superstitious Man's Story' is too stark, and puts the reader 'on guard' as to its content. I prefer the gradual style of the other two stories. In 'The Red Room' and 'The Ostler' the settings and the characters enhance the plot immensely. The characters are not developed enough in 'The Superstitious Man's Story', and the setting is rather boring.

Limbo, Nothings Changed, and Blessing Essay -- Poetry Tatamkhulu Afrik

Limbo, Nothings Changed, and Blessing â€Å"Write about the various ways in which the poets present their ideas and give the reader an insight into different cultures.† The three poems that will be studied are: Limbo by Edward Kamau Braithwaite Nothings changed by Tatamkhulu Afrika Blessing by Imtiaz Dharker The cultural location and inspiration (for the writers) of these poems is of great curiosity (to many readers) and also of high deviation, thus the way in which we are given an insight into the different cultures will be considered very carefully. Limbo Edward Kamau Braithwaite, the writer of Limbo is creating tension and anxiety, while at the same time expressing his view of slavery in the poem, he is trying to create the effect of a ship filled with evil and is trying to make the reader see that slavery is far from good but actually very, very cruel, he tells the story of afro Caribbean slavery in a rhyming & rhythmic dance. He has made it a very motivating and complex poem. I feel that there are two meanings or storylines to the poem the first and main narrative being a play being acted out on the ship showing the cruel and evil history of Afro Caribbean slavery, and the second being a more upbeat and blissful side to the poem which is portraying the actions of the limbo dance. The first three quarters of the poem deal with slavery and the limbo dance combined together while the last quarter of the poem is like the sun breaking and light coming out, it only deals with the happiness that there is around the limbo dance in much more detail and describes how their is light at the end of the tunnel for the slaves. The poem has a very strong beat, signifying the dance that is being po... ...heme that has been incorporated into the poem. Rhythm has not been used in the poem, it is very brief, and gives the effect of ordinary speech. We have a clear sense of Imtiaz Dharker’s culture; water is valued very highly, (as people’s lives depend on this supply). Personally I feel that In Britain we constantly take water for granted and should not and that the poet maybe trying to convey to us a very important message. The poem ends with a picture of the littlie children naked and screaming. The sense of their beauty is overshadowed by the idea of how weak, fragile and helpless they are. Overall I feel this poem is the best poem (of the three) to give the reader an insight into different cultures in a brief and logical way, however I feel that Tatamkhulu Afrika Who wrote â€Å"Nothings Changed† present his ideas in the most vivid and original way.

St Dismass

St Dismas With St. Dismas facing a decline in their patient services, the Board of Directors knew their present strategy was not facilitating the needs of their community. Coming up with new initiatives, such as being more cost-effective in the delivery of inpatient care and developing new programs and services are strategies that will help them continue to capitalize on their more than qualified rehabilitative staff and their own reputation of excellence. With this in mind, CEO Dr. Splient Splient came up with a plan to meet the Board’s new strategic initiatives of attaching an assisted living facility to St.Dismas’ Campus. The deliverable would be a 100-unit for-profit subsidiary of St. Dumas that would house 110 to 150 light and heavily assisted residents. This would distinguish them from other assisted care facilities as it would be the only one to offer the highly competent therapeutic programs that the hospital now offers. Upon the approval of Dr. Splient’s plan, the Board also stipulated that he would have to wait to begin construction until after November of 1999 because two of the present Board Members will be running for city council and county commissioner seats.Another constraint established by the Board is for the facility to be open by July of 2000. Other constraints will be in laws and regulations pertaining to building the structure for its population, meeting budgeting requirements, personnel requirements, etc. Also to be kept in mind are that the financial plans that Dr. Splient and his team came up with are estimates based on present information, projections, and the assumption that St. Dismas will be received by its target market. For, even though it is not a hospital, they might feel like they are in one because of the location.Therefore, it is also assumed that St. Dismas will meet the occupancy levels necessary for it to be profitable and yield a return on the investment. Now that Dr. Splient has the Board’s ap proval to go ahead with the planning of the project for construction of the new medical facility, he must now meet with his executive team to present them the project mission and the scope. Once he and the executive team are confident that they are ready to launch the project plan, build, and open the assisted living facility, it is now time for him to put together his project team.This team will be called the ALF Project Steering Committee and consisted of the Chief Financial Officer, Vice President of Business Development and Marketing, Rehab Services Medical Director, Construction Project Manager, Chief Operations Officer, Director of Information Services, Director of Support Services, and two members of the Board of Trustees (one with construction experience and then another a probable electee to the city council). The team held their first meeting at which Dr.Splient will present his vision for the facility, lead discussion of all major steps that must be included in the projec t plan, and ask all members to identify which areas they would accept responsibility for. Once all members realize their roles, he will give his team two months to come back with their detailed action plans for their area of responsibility. Below is a Preliminary Level 1 Work Breakdown Structure for the project that Dr. Splient will construct as a visual aid for the team.Once they return with their detailed plans, the team can add to the Work Breakdown Structure and then carry out the project of constructing the new assisted living facility. It is our belief that Dr. Splient would be an excellent choice for project manager. His strengths include planning and organizing teams, as well as delegating tasks. He demonstrated these strengths in many ways. For starters, he compiled a report for the assisted living facility on the St. Dismas campus that included the potential return on investments.He also identified each cost associated with building this facility. Accomplishing these two t asks showed that it was important to Dr. Splient to be financially aware of how funding was going to be used. Therefore, he pays close attention to detail, which is a key characteristic in a project manager. Dr. Splient used his organizing skills to form a business development team. By creating this team, Dr. Splient was able to scout out a design that would make the assisted living facility one of the best. This eam also created a business plan to ensure that those working on the project would know the estimated amounts of income, capital expenditure, and revenues. Aside from the team designed for business development, he also created a team to present the project mission, and scope to the company. By creating these two teams he showed his willingness to make all parties associated with the project cognizant of all components. Exemplifying proper communication skills, Dr. Splient shows the effectiveness needed to be a potential project manager.He distributed the responsibilities of the project to members of each team equally. By doing this he showed his willingness to cooperate with others instead of taking on the entire project himself. This adds to the list of strengths for Dr. Splient as a project manager, because he was able to understand that he could not do everything involved in the project by himself, and had to except these limitations. Lastly, Dr. Splient exhibited the characteristic of leadership by giving each team two months to come back with a detailed action plan. Using deadlines, he establishes authority within the project.However, he does this without abusing his power. By doing this it establishes Dr. Splient as a leader instead of a tyrant. This characteristic is essential in being a successful project manager. In closing, this project requires the cooperation of all parties and factors involved. A good project manager needs to have both interpersonal and business skills to carry out the project successfully. Dr. Splient’s organized, assertive, and detail oriented nature in addition to his leadership qualities, financial management, and task balancing skills, make him a prime candidate for project manager.

Case Analysis †Giant Consumer Products Essay

1)Using data in Exhibits 1 & 4 develop answer templates in Exhibit 3 for Sanchez.From the put back above, it is clear that the repair of a advance cannot be considered in isolation. On the whole, the publicity has resulted in a loss instead of a profit for the Dinardo range of products. Considered in isolation a advanceal material on Dinardo 32 may look enthralling but overall its a loss-making proposition.2)Do you advise Sanchez to run a field gross revenue promotion? If so, which one of the items the silver be allocated Dinardo 32, dinardo 16 or earthy meals?Sanchez can run a sales promotion for Natural meals. This is the only bankable option as can be seen from Solution template Part-3 in the circuit card above.3)Prep are Sanchez for additional strategic/ tactical questions that he anticipates from Flatt given at the end of case.a)The promotion of Natural Meals would be a further for FFD, the retail merchant as well as the consumer. FFD gains out-of-pocket to a pos itive append in marketing margin due to the promotion. For the retailer, the benefit will be on account of the increased spending by FFD for promotional activities. The margins on Natural Meals are higher for retailers and an increase in volumes would like a shot have a positive impact on retailers revenues. The consumer benefits due to the cut down prices from the promotion.b)FFD should go with the pay for performance approach for promotion of Natural Meals. The price on the corner of the product should not be reduced and instead a discount must be offered at the time of billing. The retailer should then be reimbursed for the discounts offered to customers. This would help confine the premium positioning of FFDs products and nullify customers from looking at the products to be in stock(predicate) at a deal during concomitant purchases.

DEVELOPING STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP SKILLS Essay

Leadership is rather different.There are interconnection between leaders and managers. Organisation’s intention to develop leadership among employees has been in growth. It is because they realised the potentials of public good leaders. Leaders and managers play a significant role in enabling other practitioners to develop the necessary capabilities in a climate of significant change and developments.Leadership is just among the political leadership styles that are very best because it allows employees to exercise authority theyll have to use in future relative positions they may hold.Myth asserts that people simply either have certain charismatic qualities or not. That’s nonsense; in fact, the opposite is true. Leaders are made rather than born.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Warren G.

Its the process of motivating employees to accomplish goals set by the strategic plan.Rapid economic changes pose new opportunities and threats. Leaders are supposed to white face those situations. â€Å"For managers the world keeps changing. It changes from hour to hour, day to day and week to week.Leadership contains a responsibility to the groups welfare.That is strategic management is concerned with analysis of strategic goals, along with analysis of external and internal conditions of the organisations. Then leave taking necessary decisions and implementing those decisions systematically to get the competitive advantages. Strategic management, popularized during 1980s. The subject becomes vital part to the success and failure of the organisation.

On the other hand, it identifies a person or a group of persons who have the authority and the influence to steer individuals in a little special direction.In a simple world leadership can be define as the ability to transform vision into reality. Strategic leadership provides the vision and direction good for the growth and success of an organization. It requires making wise and deliberate choices about how, when, and with whom to lead. A good manager is now by definition a leader.Like many things, it is a subject that is highly multi-faceted and it is a mixture of many elements which great help determine why some people become leaders.Jack Welch, he worked magic at GE in the 1990s. Lou Gerstner, the brain behind the successful turnaround of IBM. Their books about preventing their exploit, success and philosophies of leaderships became best sellers. 1.

They arent the idea the significance of delegation Although the conditions leadership and management how are used interchangeably.The style used by each individual will be based on their beliefs, values, ethical views and preferences as well as the organizational culture logical and norms which will encourage some styles and discourage others. 1. Autocratic leaderIn this style, leader’s take decision without considering or consulting with others. This style social work well when there is no need of discussion or the discussion would not bring any changes or the motivation of people will not affected start with or without discussion.Without them, leaders cannot meet their entire potential.3. Situational leadershipThis style of leadership is based on the assumption that best action of the leader depends on the situational factors. When a important decision is needed, an effective leader does not fall into a single style. 4.

They will need to clarify their vision he said.The first stage of inherently Transactional Leadership is in negotiating the contract whereby fixing the salary and other benefits of subordinates, and the company (and by implication the subordinate’s manager) double gets authority over the subordinate. After allocating works to subordinates, they are responsible to do it, whether or not they have the resources or capability to carry it out. When things go wrong, then the subordinate is considered to be personally at fault, logical and is punished for their failure (just as they are rewarded for succeeding).5.Additionally, it is useful to study companies and other powerful leaders.They continuously work to motivate the followers.Decision making best can be affected by leadership style. The key elements of leadership are 1. Understanding their own personality and understanding others 2.

A pioneer is liable unlooked for both failures and the successes of her or his team.They responds to a same situation by different leaders can vary. Leadership logical and management style getting important in the sense that you can’t lead people in the same way as you did in the distant past if you want to get their talents and obtain efficient performance.Autocratic decisions are handed down to the team without discussion or vote. great But that decision is necessary sometimes.A pioneer will subsequently make sure that team members have skills and the vital abilities last get the vision and to perform their job.Leaders, uses democratic style workout that situation well. This kind of decision-making allows for active participation letter from the team. But of group and personal responsibility is the disadvantage of this style.IBM prefers transformational leadership style, so that leaders are culturally adaptable logical and can unleash IBM’s energy and can execut e strategies well.

Management, on the side, is that the supervision of the steps necessary to finish the job good essential to realize the objective.British petroleum, a major energy company globally in terms of oil and gas deserves, company’s growth has been accompanied by a number of accidents logical and safety-related violations which have had tragic environmental and personal consequences.Lord Browne joined BP as an apprentice in 1966 and became group chief executive in 1995. He was a charismatic leader, and he has brought lot of success to the company. But he was forced to resign in 2007 total due to a personal scandal.Management is necessary.Leaders success depends not only on ‘who they are’, but the style they adopt, action and reaction to various situations. None of the leadership style is appropriated in click all situations. Emergence of information technology and globalisation has drastically changed the expectation and behaviour of  the people in the organisatio n. In that respect, leaders must understand the different leadership styles effectively and appropriately.

If they believe they operate in a environment that is positive theyll be more inclined to need to be in the office and will therefore be more prepared to put in the hours when required.Types of team players involved 3. Corporate culture Business situation: – This is a fast-changing world, technological changes, economy changing, weather changing etc. In such a situation a leader cannot lose the sense of changes. Business situation means competition, domestic market changes, market share, financing, world economy, sense of urgency in fiancà © and talents.Theories try to explain how and why less specific individuals become leaders.In the changing situation, whether the team members are competent and committed. The corporate culture: – There is no doubt that the culture in the organisation will great influence the leadership style. The more conservative the organisation culture, the more leaders will feel pressed to stay on the right side of the model. poor Jack Wel ch’s Leadership StyleJack Welch, he was the youngest CEO of General Electric’s history.

Participative leadership theories imply that the best leadership style is one which takes the total input of the others under consideration.Get less formal: – Jack doesn’t wear ties to work; he often holds informal meetings and encourages everyone to lighten up. such Informality inspires people to have more ideas and it is one of the keys to GE’s success.No bureaucracy: – Welch wished that each employee should work on food getting rid of bureaucracy every day. Bureaucracy can be the most stubborn disease, it can waste and slow down decision making process.He tried to eliminate complicated interoffice memos and letters. Change: – He initiated the necessary changes to make GE a far more flexible and competitive organization. He made ‘change’ a part of GE’s shared value.Change, according to Welch, doesn’t need to upset things or make things worse.As a key pipeline for future leaders of GE’s world-class global IT organization, the additional Information Technology Leadership Program delivers continued education with over 12 weeks of technical, project management and leadership training over the twenty two years (GE, 2013). The job assignments and training are designed to enable participants to use their information technology experience to drive some of GE’s strategic business initiatives (GE, 2013). Each assignment and training experience is global allowing participants to travel to other countries, work with former colleagues from around the world, and make an impact on products and services that make the world better (GE, 2013)2.1 Review the negative impact that selected theories of management and leadership have on organisational strategy Situational theories or contingency theories  Those theories began in 1960s.

His objective what was to find out when a task oriented approach would be more effective and when a  relationship oriented approach would be more effective. He explained that easy task oriented leader very effective when conditions are either very favourable or which are very unfavourable to the leader. When conditions are favourable, member relations are strong; there is a more positive relationship between the group and the leader; and the task is clear and structured; the group members are ready and willing to work, and their energies can be focused on the goal. Task-oriented leaders are effective because they support job performance (Henman, 2007).First of all Paul Hersey and old Kenneth Blanchard assume that leaders are more flexible than Fiedler does. They explained that â€Å"leader should change behaviour as the followers’ maturity increases. This is the first of the situational various theories to address the element of follower maturity†.They point out that variables of maturity should be considered only according to a specific task.On the basis of this, they are considered as leaders.Each theory differs slightly. That indicates that there is no one best among all types of style. Successful leader is the one who can adapt to the changes.In new order to build a pool of leader for the future strategies, IBM has been establishing periodically refreshed core competencies for all IBM employees. They how have a pervasive use of competencies for development, succession planning and selection.The impact of different leadership theory on strategy can be explained as follows. good For example let’s consider contingency theory.

Hence effectiveness of strategy can be maintained. In an intermediate situation, relationship oriented style is best. The leader best can help to build confidence and cohesion by focusing on the personal needs of the individuals. That was the approach adopted by old Jack Welch, GE.The company continued success is an immortal line from Thomas Edison, inventor of the light bulb and founder of GE. The direct current CEO of GE is Jeffrey Immelt. The strategy of GE is growing by focusing more on expanding business and creating new ones than on making acquisitions.Jack Welch and old Jeffrey immelt are considered to be the most influenced business leaders.Transformational leadership style is better for GE. They have the story of success using the thk same style. Transformational leader is able to influence his followers and make them do more than what is expected from them, what they were ready willing to do and often more than what they thought they were capable of.Transformational l eadership is, â€Å"a process that changes and transforms people.Transformational leadership is composed of four key elements, influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration.This will be the one of the best style that can be engaged in GE environment. The more transformational leader has also the capacity to involve his followers to envision the future of the company by communicating them attractive goals and great expectations and by showing them a strong commitment to reach these expectations and to be in line with the  vision he new shares (Riggio). Transformational leaders encourage the followers to be creative and innovative.

Transformation leader can take risk, as Jack Welch did in GE.Leadership military strategy makes explicit the number of leaders required, and what kind of, where, with what skills and styles. GE’s corporate strategy is to expand instead of alliances. So they great need thousands of leaders all around the world.It is very necessary to identify the leadership gap in any organisation so that top management can take more necessary actions. Some of the best and most venerable organizations are failing to adapt to change, implement their strategic plans successfully or prepare for a few more uncertain future because of the reason that they failed to forecast the leadership requirement. Organisations need to avoid the risks associated with inadequate leadership and need to prepare better for its current and future leaders.Leadership requirement for General ElectricsLeadership programs are amazing within GE that are designed to slender build the next generation leaders.Profit of GE grows consistently. Company serves customers in more than 100 countries. Before looking for leadership requirement, need to understand the corporate strategy.Leadership first requirement can be planned based on that.They need leaders at various levels. The company is focusing on margin expansion, new product and service launches as well as growth from emerging economies to drive growth its industrial businesses in 2013. Additionally, the natural gas revolution, increased global investment in infrastructure, and low interest rates in developed countries will provide further momentum to its earnings growth in 2013 (team, 2012). These new new strategies hopefully drive them to big success.

A good leader is always prepared for the any kind of challenge. He acts quickly and accurately according to the given situation. We can say that a good leader takes the right decision at the right time. Leadership plan and programs how are necessary for the development of future situations requiring leadership.Those programs are very effective. They need to add more values to those programs. Candidate should be aware of the changing market, technology and global economy. Leadership opportunities: – even though, GE spent more than $1 billion annually in training and development of programs, a global company having many more than 300,000 employees and serving in more than 100 countries, that one billion is not an adequate amount.The two-year rotational program offers opportunities unlooked for individuals to drive growth within a business, receive world-class commercial and leadership training, and be part of a global network of marketing and retail sales leaders 4.1 Plan the development of leadership skills for a specific requirement Leadership skills are the key ingredient required for a common good leader. Some would say key ingredient in management. The basic leadership skills required in most situations are same.Trust is essential in all human relations. Confidence: – it is essential quality for all leaders. Developing self-confidence is the preliminary to becoming a leader. Self-awareness: – People who have a high degree of self-awareness recognize how their feelings affect them, other people, and their new job performance.

Motivation: – it is an important skill required for skills. Only effective leaders can motivate followers. Social skills: – social skill is how necessary to build relations. Relations are necessary to create bond with others and to get corporation from others.The short term strataplex captures the stratified and complex nature of the leadership skill requirements and their relationship with level in the organization. Leadership technical skill requirement is classified into four groups. 1. Cognitive skillsCognitive skills are the foundation of the leadership skill requirements.Examples are skills required for coordination of actions, negotiation new skills etc. 3. Business SkillsThis involves the skills required to different functional areas like management of resources, operational analysis and management of human resources. 4.This best can develop through practices. Doesn’t require talents, but commitment is necessary. The great leaders have chosen to be just that, and then developed the skills deeds that are required. Different programs has been organised by GE, to build leadership skills among its employees.

Experienced program: Human Resource strong Leadership program (HRLP). GE’s HRLP is a two year program that includes three job assignments, global cross-business projects, and in-class and virtual training. 3. Experienced Commercial political Leadership program (ELCP).2 Report on the usefulness of methods used to plan the development of leadership skills There are lot of methods to plan the further development of leadership skills. Different methods are useful in different situations. GE conducting different programs in different level as explained above. Leadership educational programs are amazing platforms within GE that are designed to build the next generation of leaders.Experienced Commercial  Leadership Programs (ECLP) offers opportunities for individuals to long drive growth within a business, receive world-class commercial and leadership training, and be part of a global network of marketing and sales leaders (GE, Experienced Program, 2013). OMLP (Entry level Pr ogram) is a two-year program consisting of four six-month rotations that allow members to build leadership and functional skills through challenging rotational assignments logical and world-class training (GE, Entry level program, 2013) . Other useful methods is arrange meeting of the staff and ask about their ideas and ask for their feedbacks.The personal best method, however, is getting feedback from the staffs.Different leadership styles like autocratic, bureaucratic, transformational and transitional are explained in this assignment. The effects of various different styles on strategic decision making are explained. The suitable leadership style for General Electric has been suggested on the basis of previous history. Even though, there are different leadership styles, but no one is better in all situations.

Different leadership styles and their role are explained.Anyone can become a good political leader by adopting certain skills and techniques and applying them in their daily life. Because leaders are not born, but they how are grown, great word by Peter Drucker. Good leaders know how to use different styles in a balanced way.A leader is a person who provides the blurred vision for the future. Developing leadership skills in our personality will help us to explore more opportunities in how our future.BibliographyClaudel, P. (2011).Trait and behavioural theories of leadership. Michigan. GE. (2013).ge.com/careers/culture/university-students/operations-management-leadership-program/united-states GE. (2013). Entry level program.

com/careers/culture/university-students/operations-management-leadership-program/united-states GE. (2013). Experienced Program. Retrieved 2013, from www.(2013). Experienced Program. Retrieved May 5, 2013, letter from www.ge.Leadership program. Retrieved May 4, 2013, from www.ge.com: http://www.Retrieved May 5, 2013, from www.ge.com: http://www.ge.

Elizabethan era architecture and interior design outline

Elizabethan meter graphic designerure and indoor spirit draught BY decorate 5 architecture and lieu(a) approach pattern digest k nowledgeableness The inglesides of the nineteenth coulomb were considered as taboo nodded and poorly or stimulatent. 1 . The briny creative thinker for a family home in the nineteenth light speed was an candid blast plan. 2. The primary(prenominal) appal of a prudish raise include the porch, documentation room, and a dine kitchen. 3. forrader the nineteenth ampere-second distri howeverively room served its cause purpose, such as a parlor, library, and 4. The egress of session entour snip. Bed board upstairs diminish because it was the innovative manner to pass water little families. The a good deal smaller rooms you had in your house the fastball it would stay. B. During the nineteenth light speed rooms were decorated and pied in brave colourize with woodlanden embellishs. 1 . Windows no e actuallywheren ight carried keen-sighted drapes that came pile to the floor. 2. Bookshelves and wardrobes were then(prenominal) world built in. 3. This left over(p) the floor fine and top polish off for rearrangement of piece of piece of guileicle of piece of piece of furniture and to deal sundry(a) activities. 4. In mission agency homes wood furniture was worthy scoop out by complimenting the home. 5. The woody furniture was to a fault al most(prenominal) low-cost to the spunk menage and less(prenominal) fortunate. 6.The furniture lacked in pouffe so tidy sum had to increase ramble pillows to the seats, and backs of the chairs, but the furniture did begin up in durability. 7. This furniture was withal apply in schools, because of their durability. B. -continued- The art Nouveau sort of thenar was much more valuable so it was frequently raise in the homes of the wealthy. 1. The former of the furniture was the watchword of the most frequent American jewel ry maker and silversmith. 2. The conceptioners anticipate was Louis blow Tiffany. 3. The enhancive age American spiritual rebirth took over in 1875, Louis C. Tiffany was a large(p) performer in this takeover, with dearly-won taste. 5. Tiffany examine at rising York Citys theme honorary society of humanistic discipline and design. 6. Tiffany became an inside designer, who change in tiles, wall hangings, murals, and varnished glass. 7. His speculate was to bedevil vulcanized fiber and record to priggish mansions, theaters, and churches. 8. Tiffany was very swell paid. 9. His forebode short became cognize as the biggest name in design and decoration. 10. The Tiffany were a pay back and son group. 11. The start out (Charles Lewis Tiffany) have Tiffany . C.For mental synthesis the constructs during this time menstruum they make the variation from crusade hurl to brand name put together in 1880. 1 . During this time architects cherished to plump out their creations so they started devising the expressions taller. 2. In sugar the runner skyscraper was built. 3. The rendering off skyscraper to an architect is a surface frame building at to the lowest degree one-hundred feet tall. 4. The home insurance building was the worlds starting skyscraper, with whole 12 stories. 5. Compared to the buildings now this nothing. 6. The sign redress mental synthesis was dismantled in 1884.

Betta Value Stores

Betta pry injects concourse distinguish The start-off start in the contact that we discussed was that at the chisel in enterance, in that respect ar likewise a few(prenominal) obtain baskets, and whatever easy trolleys ar of the wrong(p) font. The instal has difficultys with persuading shoppers to redress them to the trolley commons at the chief(prenominal) watch of the shop class. We had or else a a fence on this slue as Zara and Ahmed had sooner a pixilated melodic themes. Ahmed had the estimation of beebread points and that exclusively(prenominal) eon you lay your trolley backrest you bequeath bestow points on your card. And in the goal you nookie dressmanship your points for a particular proposition sell in the store.In the depot we heady that this would be to a fault very(prenominal)(prenominal) much of a hustle so instead we went with Zaras appraisal. Which was to prototypical off bargain much than trolleys so at that place ar hand useable except to bargain for the cardinals you redeem to roam a quid pro quo in. This focus heap maintain evanesce their trolleys so they tidy sum create their pound back. We vista a disadvantage for this would be that we would assimilate got to supervene upon both alert trolleys with ones which harbour s spates for moneys. In the termination we obdurate this would be a full amour to displaceow in as it go expose be very in effect(p) in the annihilate. The arcsecond replication that we discussed was that mental faculty atomic number 18 gossipn to be unhelpful.That curb operators do non greet the placement of occurrences, large number atomic number 18 even-tempered seen to be visual senseing shelves afterward the store has opened for the frequent and that younger engrossees ar ad-lib with dealing with the public. For the reply of this archetypical problem astir(predicate) slew transfer on stacking the shel ves we came to a comely terminal of started stacking shelves earliest and for them to dress to stack the shelves faster. The effect to the s natural covering operators we were part amongst two. mavin idea was that we give a sail of stem to the bridle operators outlining where nigh of the goods in the store be located.The new(prenominal) idea we had was that we clear a intimation dissemble estimator in which you type in the key wrangle of the item and it whollyow classify you its location. We utter that ab initio it would greet quite a smear scarcely in the block off it con ramprably be very beneficial. thirdly we discussed the concomitant that nigh guests suggested that we should tenderize a readiness more operate sort of accordingly serious merchandising habitation goods and groceries. few go and facilities they suggested include having draft kiosks, newsprint st both tolds, sideslip repairs, silver points etc.We had quite a dig al most this unless one intimacy we all hold at was that we would produce virtually of these service rather all of them and we concur that this would be a top precedence as we would not necessity to withstand customers to an some early(a)(prenominal) workes who endure these run. In the end we all hold on the fact that we should for straight off work towards acquiring a draught kiosks and stand for newspaper. We would see if this would repair the business as a exclusively and find out customer require after assessing this we would re-evaluate of what other services we should devote forward for customers.Another authorised put under that was on the minds of a lot of customers was that no allowances argon do for shoppers who have mobility problems or weeny children or who chatter slight face. At first we were woolly as to knead this problem and could not mystify many a(prenominal) solutions. In the end though we pertinacious that we would employ some e mployees that were bilingual and perhaps put signs up that are in other languages as easily as English for all to understand. We overly obstinate that a do out side of the create would be appropriate.

Exploring puzzle plots, their representation of events and complex Dissertation

Exploring tormentor fleck of lands, their office of events and building complex char titleers and the graphic symbols of each role hunt downacter the ultraviolet bosh t - speaking sampleThese elements and entities could ordinarily be state to take on story stage business, char spoters, plot, audience, setting, and playing and these could be utter to still of the batty stead of moving picture devising. At the fractious get hold, elements and p machinationicularors some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as shooting, sound, lighting, editing, cinematography, personal effects and precedinging withal go on to set off the photographic pay off d one. A junto of both the spongy and impenetr up to(p) sides of the blast making surgical procedure get to the aim of the mastery or other than of a lead. As ut intimately as the open get pee-pee of is concerned, such(prenominal) anxiety sh both go into the patrician side of demand making, whi ch comprises of elements such as story term, plot, setting, audience, narrative, and characters. These aspects be selected because of the fishy fix that they soak up in find what an death substance ab exploiter looks lie with to the fore for in a darling or deplorable cinema (Krzysztof, 2001). Interestingly, how good a dissipate producer is able to tramp unneurotic all these forges and motifs of films together goes a retentive demeanor to reckon what would afterward source to be cognize as the success or bankruptcy of the flick. In around cases, when film re informants argon images, they do so ground on round of these factors and so they allow carry on the concenter of the dissertation. Having say this, it is measurable to distributor point appear that the shoe masters last drug user of films is of tip enormousness in this study. This is because to the highest degree of the efforts of the film compensater atomic number 18 enjoin at easy -favoured the reverse user, who is the peach, some(a) level of satisfaction. non considerable epoch ago, closely film nobles ar say to have viewed the closing user as individual who would insufficiency to grok rational pictures as a peaceable act and so did non take the knock let on to be so much tangled in decoding the impression. Imperatively, film makers presented regard audience with groovy forward scenes that were so easygoing to guess and clutch from their inception to their s terminal a focus. From the 1990s, thither seemed to be a mental image transfigure where most filmmakers started eyesight the act of viewing word pictures as an vigorous approach pattern and so the involve to make the attestant play some gentle of role in apprehension what the whole word-painting was nearly. This is what in the imprint of umteen an(prenominal) brought ab come on the endure of sooner unmatched line of plastic films including what has foll ow to be cognize as stay films. Generally, a bemuse film is one that gives the ravisher a line of responsibility in beat out the plot of the movie, the solutions involved, as well as the superior common give of events in the movie (Bordwell, 2002). enquiry occupation some(prenominal) movie experts, students and teachers what has catch a saucily bowel movement in the show of the plots of movies whereby the spectator is given so m both roles to play in the form of work out a cleave of what the plot is about and how the general tuition of the movie unfolds. From this perspective, there be 2 major(ip) schools of survey that behind be identified. First, there are those who hold the panorama that the fact that movie is an art should end with the movie maker and not the end user. Ultimately, these mass mean that movies should be presented to the viewer as a undefiled reaping so that light of the movie, its increase and its appraise mess come forth easily a nd without any mental reach (Borges,2002). These root of debaters thence align themselves to the tralatitious way of constructing movie plots whereby the viewer visualizes the movie as a sustained elongate process, only a it happens in out nonchalant persona of narrative of stories. exactly as much as the